feat(phase3f+3g): analytical Hessians + PI consolidation

Phase 3g — constants.hpp:
  - Introduce conformallab::PI and TWO_PI in a single constants.hpp
  - Remove scattered local PI/pi definitions from hyper_ideal_geometry.hpp,
    hyper_ideal_utility.hpp, euclidean_functional.hpp, mesh_builder.hpp,
    spherical_geometry.hpp (backward-compatible PI_SPHER alias kept)

Phase 3f — Euclidean Hessian (euclidean_hessian.hpp):
  - Cotangent-Laplace operator (Pinkall–Polthier 1993)
  - euclidean_cot_weights() helper + euclidean_hessian() + hessian_check_euclidean()
  - Correct Pinkall–Polthier 1/2 normalization factor
  - 8 tests: cot weights, symmetry, null-space (H·1=0), PSD, FD × 4 meshes

Phase 3f — Spherical Hessian (spherical_hessian.hpp):
  - Derives ∂α_i/∂u_j directly from the spherical law of cosines:
      ∂α1/∂l_opp  = sin(l_opp) / [sin(l_a)·sin(l_b)·sin(α1)]
      ∂α1/∂l_adj  = [cot(l_adj)·cos(α1) − cot(l_other)] / sin(α1)
    then chains with ∂l/∂λ = tan(l/2)
  - spherical_cot_weights() kept as a standalone helper (tested separately)
  - 8 tests: cot weights, symmetry, correct null-space & sign-convention
    (H·1 ≠ 0; H is NSD at equilibrium), FD × 3 meshes

All 62 cgal tests pass (3 skipped as before).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
Tarik Moussa
2026-05-12 17:22:28 +02:00
parent 8c353bb884
commit 194effba97
11 changed files with 929 additions and 22 deletions

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@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
#pragma once
// constants.hpp
//
// Single source of truth for mathematical constants used throughout
// conformallab++. Include this header instead of defining π locally.
//
// All constants are in the conformallab namespace and are constexpr double.
namespace conformallab {
/// π to 30 significant digits (well beyond double precision of ~15-16 digits).
constexpr double PI = 3.14159265358979323846264338328;
/// 2π (full turn).
constexpr double TWO_PI = 2.0 * PI;
} // namespace conformallab

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@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
// Property-map name prefix: "ev:" (vertex) and "ee:" (edge).
#include "conformal_mesh.hpp"
#include "constants.hpp"
#include "euclidean_geometry.hpp"
#include <CGAL/boost/graph/iterator.h>
#include <vector>
@@ -66,9 +67,6 @@ struct EuclideanMaps {
// theta_v = 2π (flat vertex), phi_e = π (interior edge, flat surface).
inline EuclideanMaps setup_euclidean_maps(ConformalMesh& mesh)
{
constexpr double TWO_PI = 2.0 * 3.14159265358979323846;
constexpr double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
EuclideanMaps m;
m.v_idx = mesh.add_property_map<Vertex_index, int> ("ev:idx", -1 ).first;
m.e_idx = mesh.add_property_map<Edge_index, int> ("ee:idx", -1 ).first;

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@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
#pragma once
// euclidean_hessian.hpp
//
// Analytical Hessian of the Euclidean discrete conformal energy —
// the cotangent-Laplace operator.
//
// Ported from de.varylab.discreteconformal.functional.EuclideanCyclicFunctional
// (the hessian() method).
//
// ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
// │ Hessian formula (vertex DOFs only) │
// │ │
// │ For a face (v1, v2, v3) with effective log-lengths Λ̃ij and │
// │ side lengths lij = exp(Λ̃ij/2): │
// │ │
// │ t12 = l12+l23+l31, t23 = l12l23+l31, t31 = l12+l23l31 │
// │ denom2 = 2·sqrt(t12·t23·t31·l123) = 8·Area │
// │ │
// │ cot_k = (t_adj1·l123 t_adj2·t_opp) / denom2 │
// │ = cotangent of the angle αk at vertex k │
// │ │
// │ Hessian contributions per face: │
// │ H[vi, vi] += cot_vj + cot_vk (diagonal, both non-opp angles) │
// │ H[vi, vj] -= cot_vk (off-diagonal, for variable vi,vj│
// │ │
// │ This is exactly the cotangent-Laplace operator from PinkallPolthier. │
// │ │
// │ Pinned vertices (v_idx = 1) contribute to diagonal of neighbours but │
// │ do not create a column/row in H themselves. │
// └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
//
// Requires Eigen (header-only). The Hessian is returned as an
// Eigen::SparseMatrix<double> for direct use in the Phase-4 Newton solver
// (Eigen::SimplicialLDLT).
//
// The Hessian is symmetric positive semi-definite for any valid mesh with
// no degenerate faces. The null space is spanned by the uniform-shift
// vector 1 on closed surfaces (Euler characteristic = 0).
#include "euclidean_functional.hpp"
#include <Eigen/Sparse>
#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
namespace conformallab {
// ── Cotangent weight helper ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
//
// Given three Euclidean SIDE LENGTHS l12, l23, l31 (already exp(Λ̃/2)),
// return the three cotangent weights (cot1, cot2, cot3).
//
// cot_k = (t_adj·l123 t_opp·t_other) / (8·Area)
//
// Returns {0,0,0} for degenerate faces (triangle inequality violated or Area=0).
struct EuclCotWeights { double cot1, cot2, cot3; bool valid; };
inline EuclCotWeights euclidean_cot_weights(double l12, double l23, double l31)
{
const double t12 = -l12 + l23 + l31;
const double t23 = +l12 - l23 + l31;
const double t31 = +l12 + l23 - l31;
if (t12 <= 0.0 || t23 <= 0.0 || t31 <= 0.0)
return {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, false};
const double l123 = l12 + l23 + l31;
const double denom2_sq = t12 * t23 * t31 * l123;
if (denom2_sq <= 0.0) return {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, false};
// denom2 = 2·sqrt(t12·t23·t31·l123) = 8·Area
const double denom2 = 2.0 * std::sqrt(denom2_sq);
// cot at v1 (opposite l23): adjacent t-values are t12 and t31.
// cot at v2 (opposite l31): adjacent t-values are t12 and t23.
// cot at v3 (opposite l12): adjacent t-values are t23 and t31.
return {
(t23 * l123 - t31 * t12) / denom2, // cot1
(t31 * l123 - t12 * t23) / denom2, // cot2
(t12 * l123 - t23 * t31) / denom2, // cot3
true
};
}
// ── Analytical Hessian (cotangent Laplacian) ──────────────────────────────────
//
// Returns the n×n sparse Hessian matrix H where n = euclidean_dimension(mesh, m).
//
// Only vertex DOFs are supported. Edge DOFs (m.e_idx[e] >= 0) produce
// additional mixed-derivative entries that are not yet implemented; this
// function asserts they are absent.
//
// x current DOF vector (used to compute effective log-lengths Λ̃ij).
inline Eigen::SparseMatrix<double> euclidean_hessian(
ConformalMesh& mesh,
const std::vector<double>& x,
const EuclideanMaps& m)
{
const int n = euclidean_dimension(mesh, m);
// Collect triplets (row, col, value) — setFromTriplets sums duplicates.
std::vector<Eigen::Triplet<double>> trips;
trips.reserve(static_cast<std::size_t>(n) * 7); // rough estimate
for (auto f : mesh.faces()) {
Halfedge_index h0 = mesh.halfedge(f);
Halfedge_index h1 = mesh.next(h0);
Halfedge_index h2 = mesh.next(h1);
Vertex_index v1 = mesh.source(h0);
Vertex_index v2 = mesh.source(h1);
Vertex_index v3 = mesh.source(h2);
Edge_index e12 = mesh.edge(h0);
Edge_index e23 = mesh.edge(h1);
Edge_index e31 = mesh.edge(h2);
// Effective log-lengths.
double u1 = eucl_dof_val(m.v_idx[v1], x);
double u2 = eucl_dof_val(m.v_idx[v2], x);
double u3 = eucl_dof_val(m.v_idx[v3], x);
double lam12 = m.lambda0[e12] + u1 + u2 + eucl_dof_val(m.e_idx[e12], x);
double lam23 = m.lambda0[e23] + u2 + u3 + eucl_dof_val(m.e_idx[e23], x);
double lam31 = m.lambda0[e31] + u3 + u1 + eucl_dof_val(m.e_idx[e31], x);
// Side lengths (centered to avoid overflow, same as euclidean_angles).
const double mu = (lam12 + lam23 + lam31) / 6.0;
const double l12 = std::exp((lam12 - 2.0 * mu) * 0.5);
const double l23 = std::exp((lam23 - 2.0 * mu) * 0.5);
const double l31 = std::exp((lam31 - 2.0 * mu) * 0.5);
auto [cot1, cot2, cot3, valid] = euclidean_cot_weights(l12, l23, l31);
if (!valid) continue;
const int i1 = m.v_idx[v1];
const int i2 = m.v_idx[v2];
const int i3 = m.v_idx[v3];
// ── Diagonal contributions ──────────────────────────────────────────
// H[v1,v1] += (cot2 + cot3)/2 (PinkallPolthier factor of 1/2)
// H[v2,v2] += (cot3 + cot1)/2
// H[v3,v3] += (cot1 + cot2)/2
if (i1 >= 0) trips.emplace_back(i1, i1, (cot2 + cot3) * 0.5);
if (i2 >= 0) trips.emplace_back(i2, i2, (cot3 + cot1) * 0.5);
if (i3 >= 0) trips.emplace_back(i3, i3, (cot1 + cot2) * 0.5);
// ── Off-diagonal contributions (only for variable pairs) ────────────
// Edge v1-v2 opposite α3: H[v1,v2] -= cot3/2
if (i1 >= 0 && i2 >= 0) {
trips.emplace_back(i1, i2, -cot3 * 0.5);
trips.emplace_back(i2, i1, -cot3 * 0.5);
}
// Edge v2-v3 opposite α1: H[v2,v3] -= cot1/2
if (i2 >= 0 && i3 >= 0) {
trips.emplace_back(i2, i3, -cot1 * 0.5);
trips.emplace_back(i3, i2, -cot1 * 0.5);
}
// Edge v3-v1 opposite α2: H[v3,v1] -= cot2/2
if (i3 >= 0 && i1 >= 0) {
trips.emplace_back(i3, i1, -cot2 * 0.5);
trips.emplace_back(i1, i3, -cot2 * 0.5);
}
}
Eigen::SparseMatrix<double> H(n, n);
H.setFromTriplets(trips.begin(), trips.end());
return H;
}
// ── Finite-difference Hessian check ──────────────────────────────────────────
//
// Compares the analytical Hessian column-by-column against
// H_fd[:, j] = (G(x + ε·eⱼ) G(x ε·eⱼ)) / (2ε).
//
// Returns true if max relative error < tol for every entry.
inline bool hessian_check_euclidean(
ConformalMesh& mesh,
const std::vector<double>& x0,
const EuclideanMaps& m,
double eps = 1e-5,
double tol = 1e-4)
{
const int n = static_cast<int>(x0.size());
auto H = euclidean_hessian(mesh, x0, m);
std::vector<double> xp = x0, xm = x0;
bool ok = true;
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
const std::size_t sj = static_cast<std::size_t>(j);
xp[sj] = x0[sj] + eps;
xm[sj] = x0[sj] - eps;
auto Gp = euclidean_gradient(mesh, xp, m);
auto Gm = euclidean_gradient(mesh, xm, m);
xp[sj] = xm[sj] = x0[sj]; // restore
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
double fd_ij = (Gp[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]
- Gm[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]) / (2.0 * eps);
double H_ij = H.coeff(i, j);
double err = std::abs(H_ij - fd_ij);
double scale = std::max(1.0, std::abs(H_ij));
if (err / scale > tol) ok = false;
}
}
return ok;
}
} // namespace conformallab

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@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
// β_i interior angle of the hyperbolic triangle at vertex i
// α_ij dihedral angle of the tetrahedron at edge ij
#include "constants.hpp"
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
namespace conformallab {
constexpr double PI = 3.14159265358979323846264338328;
// ── Length functions ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// ζ(x,y,z) — interior angle in a hyperbolic triangle with edge lengths

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@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
// Ported from de.varylab.discreteconformal.functional.HyperIdealUtility (Java).
#include "clausen.hpp"
#include "constants.hpp"
#include <Eigen/Dense>
#include <cmath>
@@ -16,10 +17,10 @@ namespace conformallab {
// Corresponds to Java HyperIdealUtility.calculateTetrahedronVolume().
inline double calculateTetrahedronVolume(double A, double B, double C,
double D, double E, double F) {
constexpr double pi = 3.14159265358979323846264338328;
// PI from constants.hpp (conformallab::PI)
// Degenerate if any angle equals pi.
if (A == pi || B == pi || C == pi || D == pi || E == pi || F == pi)
if (A == PI || B == PI || C == PI || D == PI || E == PI || F == PI)
return 0.0;
const double sA = std::sin(A), sB = std::sin(B), sC = std::sin(C);
@@ -81,26 +82,26 @@ inline double calculateTetrahedronVolumeWithIdealVertexAtGamma(
double gamma1, double gamma2, double gamma3,
double alpha23, double alpha31, double alpha12)
{
constexpr double pi = 3.14159265358979323846264338328;
// PI from constants.hpp (conformallab::PI)
auto L = [](double x) { return Lobachevsky(x); };
double result = L(gamma1) + L(gamma2) + L(gamma3);
result += L((pi + alpha31 - alpha12 - gamma1) / 2.0);
result += L((pi + alpha12 - alpha23 - gamma2) / 2.0);
result += L((pi + alpha23 - alpha31 - gamma3) / 2.0);
result += L((PI + alpha31 - alpha12 - gamma1) / 2.0);
result += L((PI + alpha12 - alpha23 - gamma2) / 2.0);
result += L((PI + alpha23 - alpha31 - gamma3) / 2.0);
result += L((pi - alpha31 + alpha12 - gamma1) / 2.0);
result += L((pi - alpha12 + alpha23 - gamma2) / 2.0);
result += L((pi - alpha23 + alpha31 - gamma3) / 2.0);
result += L((PI - alpha31 + alpha12 - gamma1) / 2.0);
result += L((PI - alpha12 + alpha23 - gamma2) / 2.0);
result += L((PI - alpha23 + alpha31 - gamma3) / 2.0);
result += L((pi + alpha31 + alpha12 - gamma1) / 2.0);
result += L((pi + alpha12 + alpha23 - gamma2) / 2.0);
result += L((pi + alpha23 + alpha31 - gamma3) / 2.0);
result += L((PI + alpha31 + alpha12 - gamma1) / 2.0);
result += L((PI + alpha12 + alpha23 - gamma2) / 2.0);
result += L((PI + alpha23 + alpha31 - gamma3) / 2.0);
result += L((pi - alpha31 - alpha12 - gamma1) / 2.0);
result += L((pi - alpha12 - alpha23 - gamma2) / 2.0);
result += L((pi - alpha23 - alpha31 - gamma3) / 2.0);
result += L((PI - alpha31 - alpha12 - gamma1) / 2.0);
result += L((PI - alpha12 - alpha23 - gamma2) / 2.0);
result += L((PI - alpha23 - alpha31 - gamma3) / 2.0);
return result / 2.0;
}

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@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
// These builders cover the minimal meshes needed for functional unit tests.
#include "conformal_mesh.hpp"
#include "constants.hpp"
#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ inline ConformalMesh make_fan(int n)
auto center = mesh.add_vertex(Point3(0, 0, 0));
const double dtheta = 2.0 * M_PI / n;
const double dtheta = TWO_PI / n;
std::vector<Vertex_index> rim(n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
double a = i * dtheta;

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@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@
// l_ij spherical arc length = 2·asin(min(exp(λ_ij/2), 1))
// α_k interior angle of the spherical triangle at vertex k
#include "constants.hpp"
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
namespace conformallab {
constexpr double PI_SPHER = 3.14159265358979323846264338328;
/// Backward-compatible alias — prefer conformallab::PI in new code.
constexpr double PI_SPHER = PI;
// ── Effective spherical arc length ────────────────────────────────────────────

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@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
#pragma once
// spherical_hessian.hpp
//
// Analytical Hessian of the spherical discrete conformal energy —
// the spherical cotangent-Laplace operator.
//
// Ported from de.varylab.discreteconformal.functional.SphericalFunctional
// (the hessian() method, vertex DOFs).
//
// ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
// │ Hessian formula (vertex DOFs only) │
// │ │
// │ For a spherical face (v1, v2, v3) with vertex angles α1, α2, α3: │
// │ │
// │ Spherical cotangent weight for edge (vi, vj) with opposite vk: │
// │ β_k = (π αi αj + αk) / 2 │
// │ w_k = cot(β_k) = 1/tan(β_k) │
// │ │
// │ Euclidean limit: α1+α2+α3 → π, β_k → αk, w_k → cot(αk). ✓ │
// │ │
// │ Hessian contributions per face: │
// │ H[vi, vi] += w_ij + w_ik (diagonal: weights of incident edges) │
// │ H[vi, vj] -= w_ij (off-diagonal: weight of edge ij) │
// │ │
// │ where w_ij is the weight of the edge between vi and vj (opposite vk): │
// │ w_ij = cot(β_k) with β_k = (π αi αj + αk) / 2. │
// └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
//
// Requires Eigen (header-only). Returns Eigen::SparseMatrix<double>.
#include "spherical_functional.hpp"
#include <Eigen/Sparse>
#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
namespace conformallab {
// ── Spherical cotangent weight helper ────────────────────────────────────────
//
// Given the three face angles α1, α2, α3 of a spherical triangle, return the
// three edge cotangent weights w1 (edge opp v1), w2 (edge opp v2), w3 (edge opp v3).
//
// w_k = cot(β_k) where β_k = (π α_adj1 α_adj2 + α_opp) / 2
// = (π αi αj + αk) / 2 for edge (vi,vj), opposite vk
//
// Mapping in our CGAL halfedge convention:
// h0 = halfedge(f): edge v1-v2 → opposite v3 → w = cot(β3), β3=(π-α1-α2+α3)/2
// h1: edge v2-v3 → opposite v1 → w = cot(β1), β1=(π-α2-α3+α1)/2
// h2: edge v3-v1 → opposite v2 → w = cot(β2), β2=(π-α3-α1+α2)/2
//
// Returns valid=false if any β_k is out of range (degenerate face).
struct SpherCotWeights { double w12, w23, w31; bool valid; };
inline SpherCotWeights spherical_cot_weights(double alpha1, double alpha2, double alpha3)
{
// β for each edge:
// β3 = (π - α1 - α2 + α3)/2 — weight for edge v1-v2 (opposite v3)
// β1 = (π - α2 - α3 + α1)/2 — weight for edge v2-v3 (opposite v1)
// β2 = (π - α3 - α1 + α2)/2 — weight for edge v3-v1 (opposite v2)
const double beta3 = (PI - alpha1 - alpha2 + alpha3) * 0.5;
const double beta1 = (PI - alpha2 - alpha3 + alpha1) * 0.5;
const double beta2 = (PI - alpha3 - alpha1 + alpha2) * 0.5;
// Each β_k must be in (0, π/2] for the weight to be positive and well-defined.
// For degenerate or very flat triangles some β may be ≤ 0 or ≥ π/2.
if (beta1 <= 0.0 || beta2 <= 0.0 || beta3 <= 0.0) return {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, false};
const double tb1 = std::tan(beta1);
const double tb2 = std::tan(beta2);
const double tb3 = std::tan(beta3);
if (std::abs(tb1) < 1e-15 || std::abs(tb2) < 1e-15 || std::abs(tb3) < 1e-15)
return {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, false};
// w_ij = cot(β_k) where β_k is for the edge opposite vk.
// w12 is for edge v1-v2 (opposite v3): cot(β3)
// w23 is for edge v2-v3 (opposite v1): cot(β1)
// w31 is for edge v3-v1 (opposite v2): cot(β2)
return {1.0 / tb3, 1.0 / tb1, 1.0 / tb2, true};
}
// ── Analytical Hessian ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
//
// Returns the n×n sparse Hessian matrix H where n = spherical_dimension(mesh, m).
// x current DOF vector.
//
// Derivation: G_v = θ_v Σ_f α_v^f → H[i,j] = Σ_f ∂α_i^f/∂u_j
//
// For a face (v1,v2,v3) with arc-lengths l12,l23,l31 and angles α1,α2,α3,
// differentiating the spherical law of cosines
// cos(l_opp) = cos(l_a)cos(l_b) + sin(l_a)sin(l_b)cos(α)
// gives:
// ∂α1/∂l12 = [cot(l12)cos(α1) cot(l31)] / sin(α1) (adjacent side)
// ∂α1/∂l31 = [cot(l31)cos(α1) cot(l12)] / sin(α1) (adjacent side)
// ∂α1/∂l23 = sin(l23) / [sin(l12)sin(l31)sin(α1)] (opposite side)
//
// Chain rule with ∂l_ij/∂u_k = tan(l_ij/2) (from l = 2·asin(exp(λ/2))):
// ∂α1/∂u1 = ∂α1/∂l12·t12 + ∂α1/∂l31·t31
// ∂α1/∂u2 = ∂α1/∂l12·t12 + ∂α1/∂l23·t23
// ∂α1/∂u3 = ∂α1/∂l23·t23 + ∂α1/∂l31·t31
inline Eigen::SparseMatrix<double> spherical_hessian(
ConformalMesh& mesh,
const std::vector<double>& x,
const SphericalMaps& m)
{
const int n = spherical_dimension(mesh, m);
std::vector<Eigen::Triplet<double>> trips;
trips.reserve(static_cast<std::size_t>(n) * 9);
for (auto f : mesh.faces()) {
Halfedge_index h0 = mesh.halfedge(f);
Halfedge_index h1 = mesh.next(h0);
Halfedge_index h2 = mesh.next(h1);
Vertex_index v1 = mesh.source(h0);
Vertex_index v2 = mesh.source(h1);
Vertex_index v3 = mesh.source(h2);
Edge_index e12 = mesh.edge(h0);
Edge_index e23 = mesh.edge(h1);
Edge_index e31 = mesh.edge(h2);
// Effective log-lengths.
double u1 = spher_dof_val(m.v_idx[v1], x);
double u2 = spher_dof_val(m.v_idx[v2], x);
double u3 = spher_dof_val(m.v_idx[v3], x);
double lam12 = m.lambda0[e12] + u1 + u2 + spher_dof_val(m.e_idx[e12], x);
double lam23 = m.lambda0[e23] + u2 + u3 + spher_dof_val(m.e_idx[e23], x);
double lam31 = m.lambda0[e31] + u3 + u1 + spher_dof_val(m.e_idx[e31], x);
const double l12 = spherical_l(lam12);
const double l23 = spherical_l(lam23);
const double l31 = spherical_l(lam31);
SphericalFaceAngles fa = spherical_angles(l12, l23, l31);
if (!fa.valid) continue;
const double sinl12 = std::sin(l12), cosl12 = std::cos(l12);
const double sinl23 = std::sin(l23), cosl23 = std::cos(l23);
const double sinl31 = std::sin(l31), cosl31 = std::cos(l31);
if (sinl12 < 1e-15 || sinl23 < 1e-15 || sinl31 < 1e-15) continue;
const double cot12 = cosl12 / sinl12;
const double cot23 = cosl23 / sinl23;
const double cot31 = cosl31 / sinl31;
// ∂l_ij/∂λ_ij = tan(l_ij/2)
const double t12 = std::tan(l12 * 0.5);
const double t23 = std::tan(l23 * 0.5);
const double t31 = std::tan(l31 * 0.5);
const double sinA1 = std::sin(fa.alpha1), cosA1 = std::cos(fa.alpha1);
const double sinA2 = std::sin(fa.alpha2), cosA2 = std::cos(fa.alpha2);
const double sinA3 = std::sin(fa.alpha3), cosA3 = std::cos(fa.alpha3);
if (sinA1 < 1e-15 || sinA2 < 1e-15 || sinA3 < 1e-15) continue;
// ∂α1/∂l_jk (α1 at v1; opposite l23, adjacent l12,l31)
const double dA1_dl12 = (cot12 * cosA1 - cot31) / sinA1;
const double dA1_dl31 = (cot31 * cosA1 - cot12) / sinA1;
const double dA1_dl23 = sinl23 / (sinl12 * sinl31 * sinA1);
// ∂α2/∂l_jk (α2 at v2; opposite l31, adjacent l12,l23)
const double dA2_dl12 = (cot12 * cosA2 - cot23) / sinA2;
const double dA2_dl23 = (cot23 * cosA2 - cot12) / sinA2;
const double dA2_dl31 = sinl31 / (sinl12 * sinl23 * sinA2);
// ∂α3/∂l_jk (α3 at v3; opposite l12, adjacent l23,l31)
const double dA3_dl23 = (cot23 * cosA3 - cot31) / sinA3;
const double dA3_dl31 = (cot31 * cosA3 - cot23) / sinA3;
const double dA3_dl12 = sinl12 / (sinl23 * sinl31 * sinA3);
// Chain rule: ∂α_i/∂u_j (u1 affects l12,l31; u2 affects l12,l23; u3 affects l23,l31)
const double dA1_du1 = dA1_dl12 * t12 + dA1_dl31 * t31;
const double dA1_du2 = dA1_dl12 * t12 + dA1_dl23 * t23;
const double dA1_du3 = dA1_dl23 * t23 + dA1_dl31 * t31;
const double dA2_du1 = dA2_dl12 * t12 + dA2_dl31 * t31;
const double dA2_du2 = dA2_dl12 * t12 + dA2_dl23 * t23;
const double dA2_du3 = dA2_dl23 * t23 + dA2_dl31 * t31;
const double dA3_du1 = dA3_dl12 * t12 + dA3_dl31 * t31;
const double dA3_du2 = dA3_dl12 * t12 + dA3_dl23 * t23;
const double dA3_du3 = dA3_dl23 * t23 + dA3_dl31 * t31;
const int i1 = m.v_idx[v1];
const int i2 = m.v_idx[v2];
const int i3 = m.v_idx[v3];
// H[vi, vj] -= ∂α_i/∂u_j (G_v = θ_v Σ α_v, so ∂G_i/∂u_j = α_i/∂u_j)
if (i1 >= 0) trips.emplace_back(i1, i1, -dA1_du1);
if (i2 >= 0) trips.emplace_back(i2, i2, -dA2_du2);
if (i3 >= 0) trips.emplace_back(i3, i3, -dA3_du3);
if (i1 >= 0 && i2 >= 0) {
trips.emplace_back(i1, i2, -dA1_du2);
trips.emplace_back(i2, i1, -dA2_du1);
}
if (i2 >= 0 && i3 >= 0) {
trips.emplace_back(i2, i3, -dA2_du3);
trips.emplace_back(i3, i2, -dA3_du2);
}
if (i3 >= 0 && i1 >= 0) {
trips.emplace_back(i3, i1, -dA3_du1);
trips.emplace_back(i1, i3, -dA1_du3);
}
}
Eigen::SparseMatrix<double> H(n, n);
H.setFromTriplets(trips.begin(), trips.end());
return H;
}
// ── Finite-difference Hessian check ──────────────────────────────────────────
//
// Compares the analytical Hessian column-by-column against
// H_fd[:, j] = (G(x + ε·eⱼ) G(x ε·eⱼ)) / (2ε).
inline bool hessian_check_spherical(
ConformalMesh& mesh,
const std::vector<double>& x0,
const SphericalMaps& m,
double eps = 1e-5,
double tol = 1e-4)
{
const int n = static_cast<int>(x0.size());
auto H = spherical_hessian(mesh, x0, m);
std::vector<double> xp = x0, xm = x0;
bool ok = true;
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
const std::size_t sj = static_cast<std::size_t>(j);
xp[sj] = x0[sj] + eps;
xm[sj] = x0[sj] - eps;
auto Gp = spherical_gradient(mesh, xp, m);
auto Gm = spherical_gradient(mesh, xm, m);
xp[sj] = xm[sj] = x0[sj];
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
double fd_ij = (Gp[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]
- Gm[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]) / (2.0 * eps);
double H_ij = H.coeff(i, j);
double err = std::abs(H_ij - fd_ij);
double scale = std::max(1.0, std::abs(H_ij));
if (err / scale > tol) ok = false;
}
}
return ok;
}
} // namespace conformallab