feat(phase4): HyperIdeal Newton solver, SparseQR fallback, examples, docs

Phase 4 complete — 87 CGAL tests pass, 2 skipped.

Newton solver (phase4a):
- hyper_ideal_hessian.hpp: symmetric FD Hessian (O(ε²), PSD by convexity)
- newton_hyper_ideal(): Newton + backtracking for the HyperIdeal functional
- detail::solve_with_fallback(): optional bool* fallback_used parameter
- solve_linear_system(): public API exposing LDLT→SparseQR fallback

SparseQR fallback tests (SparseQRFallback.*):
- FullRankSystem_CorrectSolution: LDLT path, fallback_used=false
- SingularMatrix_FallbackActivated: zero-pivot → QR activated, fallback_used=true
- Euclidean_ClosedMeshNoPinConverges: gauge-mode null space handled via QR

HyperIdeal Newton tests (NewtonSolver.HyperIdeal_*):
- ConvergesTriangleAllVariable, ResultFieldsConsistent,
  ConvergesTetrahedron, SparseQRFallbackNoCrash
- Natural-target base point (b=1.0, a=0.5) — x=0 is degenerate in log-space

Pipeline tests (test_pipeline.cpp):
- End-to-end: all three geometries, mesh I/O round-trip, solve+export

Example programs (code/examples/):
- example_euclidean.cpp:   headless Euclidean pipeline
- example_hyper_ideal.cpp: headless HyperIdeal pipeline
- example_viewer.cpp:      interactive libigl viewer with jet colour map

README:
- Mathematical scope table: C++ vs Java original (18 rows)
- "For mathematicians" section: mental model, step-by-step new-functional
  guide, half-edge traversal snippets, recommended reading

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

code/examples/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# examples/CMakeLists.txt
+#
+# Example programs for conformallab++.
+# All examples require -DWITH_CGAL=ON.
+# example_viewer additionally requires -DWITH_VIEWER=ON.
+#
+# Run after building:
+#   ./build/examples/example_euclidean   [input.off] [output.off]
+#   ./build/examples/example_hyper_ideal [input.off] [output.off]
+#   ./build/examples/example_viewer      [input.off]         (requires WITH_VIEWER)
+
+# ── Shared include paths for all examples ─────────────────────────────────────
+set(EXAMPLE_INCLUDES
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/deps/eigen-3.4.0
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/deps/CGAL-6.1.1/include
+    ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS}
+)
+set(EXAMPLE_PRIVATE_INCLUDES
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include
+)
+set(EXAMPLE_DEFS
+    CGAL_DISABLE_GMP
+    CGAL_DISABLE_MPFR
+)
+
+# ── example_euclidean ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+add_executable(example_euclidean example_euclidean.cpp)
+target_include_directories(example_euclidean SYSTEM PRIVATE ${EXAMPLE_INCLUDES})
+target_include_directories(example_euclidean PRIVATE        ${EXAMPLE_PRIVATE_INCLUDES})
+target_compile_definitions(example_euclidean PRIVATE        ${EXAMPLE_DEFS})
+
+# ── example_hyper_ideal ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+add_executable(example_hyper_ideal example_hyper_ideal.cpp)
+target_include_directories(example_hyper_ideal SYSTEM PRIVATE ${EXAMPLE_INCLUDES})
+target_include_directories(example_hyper_ideal PRIVATE        ${EXAMPLE_PRIVATE_INCLUDES})
+target_compile_definitions(example_hyper_ideal PRIVATE        ${EXAMPLE_DEFS})
+
+# ── example_viewer (requires WITH_VIEWER) ─────────────────────────────────────
+if(WITH_VIEWER)
+    add_executable(example_viewer example_viewer.cpp)
+    target_include_directories(example_viewer SYSTEM PRIVATE
+        ${EXAMPLE_INCLUDES}
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/deps/libigl-2.6.0/include
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/deps/libigl-glad/include
+    )
+    target_include_directories(example_viewer PRIVATE ${EXAMPLE_PRIVATE_INCLUDES})
+    target_compile_definitions(example_viewer PRIVATE ${EXAMPLE_DEFS})
+    target_link_libraries(example_viewer PRIVATE viewer)
+endif()