docs: Doxygen-API + Validierungsprotokoll + Porting-Tutorial

Für einen Mathematiker der unabhängig validieren und eigene Forschung
einbringen möchte.

Doxygen-Kommentare (code/include/):
  newton_solver.hpp — newton_euclidean(), newton_spherical(), newton_hyper_ideal()
    je mit \param, \return, \note, \see inkl. mathematischer Begründung
    (Konvexität, Vorzeichenkonvention, SparseQR-Fallback-Erklärung)
  layout.hpp — euclidean_layout(), spherical_layout(), hyper_ideal_layout()
    mit vollständiger Parameter-Doku, halfedge_uv-Semantik, Poincaré-Disk-Note

Neues Dokument:
  doc/math/validation-protocol.md
    7 reproduzierbare Checks mit konkreten Befehlen und erwartetem Output:
    0. 170 Tests, 1 Skip
    1. Gauss–Bonnet exakt (1e-10)
    2. FD-Gradientencheck < 1e-6 für alle 3 Geometrien
    3. Newton-Konvergenz < 50 Iterationen
    4. τ ∈ SL(2,ℤ)-Fundamentaldomäne (3 Invarianten)
    5. Möbius-Arithmetik (Inverse, Compose, from_three)
    6. End-to-End-Pipeline
    7. Manueller τ-Check für torus_4x4.off (Codebeispiel)

Neues Tutorial:
  doc/tutorials/add-inversive-distance.md
    Vollständiger Step-by-Step-Port von Phase 9a (Luo 2004):
    Header anlegen, Energie/Gradient implementieren, FD-Check,
    Newton-Wrapper, CMakeLists, Java-Referenzvergleich, Checkliste.

doc/getting-started.md:
  Abschnitt "Known issues": macOS-Finder-Duplikate (rm-Befehl),
  Warnung "First build 30–90s" (Tarball-Extraktion)

README.md:
  Zwei neue Links in der Dokumentationstabelle (validation-protocol,
  tutorial)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

code/include/layout.hpp

@@ -452,6 +452,29 @@ inline void set_root_huv_2d(
 } // namespace detail
 
 // ── Euclidean layout ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Embed the mesh in ℝ² using the Euclidean metric encoded in x.
+///
+/// Runs priority-BFS trilateration: places vertices in order of BFS depth
+/// from the root face (largest 3D area), so errors accumulate last.
+/// For closed genus-g surfaces a CutGraph must be supplied — otherwise
+/// the layout will have a seam discontinuity (Layout2D::has_seam = true).
+///
+/// \param mesh      Input surface mesh.  Must have lambda0 and v_idx set in maps.
+/// \param x         DOF vector returned by newton_euclidean().
+/// \param maps      EuclideanMaps (lambda0, v_idx, e_idx).
+/// \param cut       Optional cut graph (compute_cut_graph()).  Pass nullptr for
+///                  open meshes or if seams are acceptable.
+/// \param holonomy  If non-null and cut != nullptr, receives the lattice
+///                  translations ω_i ∈ ℂ per cut edge.
+///                  Pass to compute_period_matrix() for the conformal modulus τ.
+/// \param normalise If true, calls normalise_euclidean() on the result:
+///                  centroid → origin, major axis → x-axis (PCA).
+/// \return          Layout2D with .uv[v] (per-vertex UV) and
+///                  .halfedge_uv[h] (per-halfedge UV for texture atlasing).
+///
+/// \note halfedge_uv differs from uv at seam edges: the two sides of a cut
+///       carry different UV coordinates for proper GPU texture atlasing.
 inline Layout2D euclidean_layout(
     ConformalMesh&             mesh,
     const std::vector<double>& x,
@@ -571,6 +594,20 @@ inline Layout2D euclidean_layout(
 }
 
 // ── Spherical layout ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Embed the mesh on the unit sphere S² using the spherical metric encoded in x.
+///
+/// Runs priority-BFS trilateration using the spherical law of cosines.
+/// Typical use: genus-0 (sphere-like) surfaces after newton_spherical().
+///
+/// \param mesh      Input genus-0 surface mesh.
+/// \param x         DOF vector returned by newton_spherical().
+/// \param maps      SphericalMaps.
+/// \param cut       Optional cut graph (rarely needed for genus-0).
+/// \param holonomy  If non-null, receives rotational holonomies (spherical).
+/// \param normalise If true, calls normalise_spherical(): rotates the centroid
+///                  to the north pole (Rodrigues rotation formula).
+/// \return          Layout3D with .xyz[v] ∈ S² ⊂ ℝ³ for each vertex.
 inline Layout3D spherical_layout(
     ConformalMesh&             mesh,
     const std::vector<double>& x,
@@ -670,6 +707,29 @@ inline Layout3D spherical_layout(
 }
 
 // ── HyperIdeal layout (Poincaré disk) — exact trilateration ──────────────────
+
+/// Embed the mesh in the Poincaré disk (H²) using the hyperbolic metric encoded in x.
+///
+/// Runs priority-BFS trilateration using exact Möbius-isometric placement:
+/// each new vertex is located by solving the hyperbolic law of cosines and
+/// applying a Möbius map to position it in the disk.
+/// For closed genus-g surfaces (g ≥ 1) a CutGraph is required.
+///
+/// \param mesh      Input genus-g surface mesh (g ≥ 1).
+/// \param x         DOF vector returned by newton_hyper_ideal()
+///                  (vertex b_v and edge a_e variables).
+/// \param maps      HyperIdealMaps (lambda0, v_idx, e_idx).
+/// \param cut       CutGraph from compute_cut_graph().  Required for closed surfaces.
+/// \param holonomy  If non-null, receives the Möbius maps T_i ∈ SU(1,1) per cut edge.
+///                  Pass to compute_period_matrix() for holonomy analysis.
+/// \param normalise If true, calls normalise_hyperbolic(): iterative face-area-weighted
+///                  Möbius centring (Fréchet mean, 30 iterations) → disk origin.
+/// \return          Layout2D with .uv[v] ∈ Poincaré disk (|uv| < 1) for each vertex,
+///                  and .halfedge_uv[h] for seam-aware texture atlasing.
+///
+/// \note All vertex positions satisfy |uv[v]| < 1 (inside the Poincaré disk)
+///       if the metric is hyperbolic.  Points on or outside the boundary indicate
+///       a non-hyperbolic metric (Gauss–Bonnet violation).
 inline Layout2D hyper_ideal_layout(
     ConformalMesh&             mesh,
     const std::vector<double>& x,