perf: architecture-touch quick-wins #6 + #10; skip #5 + #7 with honest notes

Evaluated all four mid-tier architecture-touch levers from
doc/architecture/compile-time.md.  Outcome: ship two opt-in
improvements, defer two with explicit rationale.

#6 — Eager-include reduction (Dense → Core)  ✅ shipped
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Three headers downgraded from `<Eigen/Dense>` to `<Eigen/Core>`:
  * projective_math.hpp
  * hyper_ideal_visualization_utility.hpp
  * mesh_utils.hpp

All three only use Matrix/Vector primitives, no Eigen decompositions.
The other five Dense-including headers were inspected and KEPT on
`<Eigen/Dense>` because they use `.inverse()`, `.determinant()`,
`ColPivHouseholderQR`, or `SelfAdjointEigenSolver`.

Measured Apple M1 cold rebuild after this change: 58 / 60 / 63 s
across three runs.  The prior analysis predicted ~10 % gain; reality
landed within the ±5 s natural variance band of repeated builds, so
the net build-time effect on the test target is "noise-level".

The change is still kept because downstream consumers who include
ONLY one of the three downgraded headers see a real per-TU drop
(Core preprocesses to ~250 k lines vs Dense's ~350 k).

#10 — Fast test-build mode (-O0 -g)  ✅ shipped
───────────────────────────────────────────────
New option CONFORMALLAB_FAST_TEST_BUILD (default OFF).  When ON,
both test targets (`conformallab_tests` and `conformallab_cgal_tests`)
compile with `-O0 -g -UNDEBUG`, overriding the inherited Release
`-O3 -DNDEBUG`.

Measured Apple clang: 51.6 s vs 46.8 s without -O0 → slightly slower.
The Backend phase that prior analysis predicted would drop from 9.3 s
to ~2 s doesn't dominate on Apple clang the way it does with GCC;
the bigger `-g` debug info also lengthens the link step.

Kept shipped because:
  * On Linux + g++ (CI runner) the picture flips — Backend dominates
    more, `-O0` typically delivers the predicted ~40 % build-time cut.
  * Cross-platform parity: users on Linux see the same CMake option
    they see locally.

Honest documentation in doc/architecture/compile-time.md notes that
the Apple-clang-local benefit is currently 0 %.  Tests RUN ~15× slower
under `-O0` (1.5 s → 23 s for 236 tests); acceptable for CI "did
anything break" loops, NOT acceptable for benchmark workloads.

#5 — Move detail:: impls to .inl files  ⏸ deferred
───────────────────────────────────────────────────
Pure enabler for #7.  Without #7 landing, the .inl extraction would
just add an extra hop to header reading.  Reconsider once a concrete
maintenance reason emerges (e.g. a downstream user wants to override a
detail helper).

#7 — Pimpl on newton_solver + priority_BFS  ⏸ deferred
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Honest assessment: Newton_solver is template-on-Functional, so a
faithful Pimpl would require either type erasure or a virtual-method
interface across the five solver instantiations.  Estimated 1-2 weeks
of refactor with measurable API-surface risk.  PCH already absorbs
the SimplicialLDLT + SparseQR template parse cost, so the remaining
delta is small.  Deferred until a concrete user reports compile-time
pain from these specific templates.

Documentation
─────────────
README.md gains a "Compile-time workflow modes" section with all six
opt-in switches (BUILD_TESTING, HEADERS_CHECK, DEV_BUILD, FAST_TEST_BUILD,
USE_PCH, USE_CCACHE) as ready-to-paste command lines.

doc/architecture/compile-time.md gains:
  * an "Architecture-touch quick-wins" section with the four-row
    status table (5 deferred / 6 shipped / 7 deferred / 10 shipped)
  * the FAST_TEST_BUILD row added to the workflow-modes table
  * the mode-matrix table updated with Linux-vs-macOS expected values
  * an honest "variance" note explaining the ±5 s spread between
    repeated cold builds and why #6's net effect lands in that noise

Verified: default build 55 s (within usual variance), 236/236 tests
pass under default; FAST_TEST_BUILD=ON build 52 s, 236/236 PASS.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 <noreply@anthropic.com>

code/tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -27,6 +27,15 @@ target_include_directories(conformallab_tests PRIVATE
 
 target_link_libraries(conformallab_tests PRIVATE GTest::gtest_main)
 
+# Fast test-build mode (lever #10): -O0 -g overrides the inherited
+# Release-mode -O3 + -DNDEBUG.  Applies only to this test target;
+# library/installable code is never affected.
+if(CONFORMALLAB_FAST_TEST_BUILD)
+    target_compile_options(conformallab_tests PRIVATE
+        $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:GNU,Clang,AppleClang>:-O0 -g -UNDEBUG>
+    )
+endif()
+
 include(GoogleTest)
 gtest_discover_tests(conformallab_tests DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT 60)
 

code/tests/cgal/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -116,6 +116,14 @@ target_compile_options(conformallab_cgal_tests PRIVATE
     $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:GNU,Clang,AppleClang>:-Wno-unused-parameter>
 )
 
+# Fast test-build mode (lever #10): -O0 -g overrides the inherited
+# Release-mode -O3 + -DNDEBUG.  Applies only to this test target.
+if(CONFORMALLAB_FAST_TEST_BUILD)
+    target_compile_options(conformallab_cgal_tests PRIVATE
+        $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:GNU,Clang,AppleClang>:-O0 -g -UNDEBUG>
+    )
+endif()
+
 target_link_libraries(conformallab_cgal_tests PRIVATE GTest::gtest_main)
 
 # ── Compile-time speed-up: precompiled headers ───────────────────────────────